French Civil Code
Code Napoleon; or, The French Civil Code
Literally Translated from the Original and Official Edition, Published at Paris, in 1804. By a Barrister of the Inner Temple. Translation attributed to George Spence. Published by William Benning, Law Bookseller, London 1827
The Civil Code
Napoleon in later life considered the Civil Code to be the most significant of his achievements. The Code represented a comprehensive reformation and codification of the French civil laws. Under the ancien regime more than 400 codes of laws were in place in various parts of France, with common law predominating in the north and Roman law in the south. The Revolution overturned many of these laws. In addition, the revolutionary governments had enacted more than 14,000 pieces of legislation. Five attempts were made to codify the new laws of France during the periods of the National Convention and the Directory. Through the efforts of Napoleon the drafting the new Civil Code in an expert commission, in which Jean-Etienne-Marie Portalis took a leading role, took place in the second half of 1801. Napoleon attended in person 36 of the commission's 87 meetings. Although the draft was completed at the end of 1801, the Code was not published until 21 March 1804. The Civil Code represents a typically Napoleonic mix of liberalism and conservatism, although most of the basic revolutionary gains - equality before the law, freedom of religion and the abolition of feudalism - were consolidated within its laws. Property rights, including the rights of the purchasers of the biens nationaux were made absolute. The Code also reinforced patriarchal power by making the husband the ruler of the household. The Napoleonic Code was to be promulgated, with modifications, throughout the Empire. The Civil Code was followed by a Code of Civil Procedure in 1806, a Commercial Code in 1807, a Criminal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure in 1808 and a Penal Code in 1810. A Rural Code was debated, but never promulgated. The Code Napoleon, renamed the Civil Code, was retained in its majority after the restoration of the Bourbons in 1815. The Civil Code has served as the model for the codes of law of more than twenty nations throughout the world.
Preliminary Title. Of the Publication, Effect, and Application of the Laws in General
Book I. Of Persons
Title I. Of the Enjoyment and Privation of Civil Rights
Title II. Of Acts before the Civil Authorities
General ordinance | Of acts of birth | Of acts of marriage | Of acts of decease | Of acts of the civil power regarding the military out of the territory of the republic | Of the amendments of acts of a civil nature
Of presumption of absence | Of the declaration of absence | Of the effects of absence | Of the superintendence of minors whose father has disappeared
Of the qualities and conditions required in order to be able to contract marriage | Of the formalities relative to the celebration of marriage | Of oppositions to marriage | Of petitions for nullity of marriage | Of the obligations accruing from marriage | Of the respective rights and duties of married persons | Of the dissolution of marriage | Of second marriages
Of the causes of divorce | Of the divorce for cause determinate | Of the divorce by mutual consent | Of the effects of divorce | Of the separation of persons
Title VII. Of Paternity and Filiation
Of the filiation of legitimate children, or those born in marriage | Of the proofs of the filiation of legitimate children | Of natural children
Title VIII. Of Adoption and Friendly Guardianship
Title X. Of Minority, Guardianship, and Emancipation
Title XI. Of Majority, Interdiction, and the Judicial Adviser
Book II. Of Property, and the Different Modifications of Property
Title I. Of the Distinction of Property
Of immoveable property | Of moveables | Of property, with reference to those who are in the possession of it
Of the right of accession over the produce of any thing | Of the right of accession over what is connected and incorporated with any thing
Title III. Of Usufruct, Right of Common, and of Habitation
Title IV. Of Servitudes or Manorial Services
Of servitudes derived from the situation of places | Of servitudes established by law | Of servitudes established by the act of man
Book III. Of the Different Modes of Acquiring Property
Of the opening of successions and of the seisin of heirs | Of the qualities requisite to succeed | Of the different orders of succession | Of irregular successions | Of the acceptance and repudiation of successions | Of division and restitution
Title II. Of Donations during Life and of Wills
General regulations | Of the capability of disposing or of receiving by donation during life or by will | Of the disposable portion of goods, and of reduction | Of donations during life | Of testamentary dispositions | Of dispositions permitted in favor of the grand-children of the donor or testator, or of the children of their brothers and sisters | Of distributions made by the father, mother, or other ancestors, among their descendants | Of donations made by the marriage-contract to the parties, and to children to be born of the marriage | Of dispositions between married persons, either by contract of marriage, or during marriage
Title III. Of Contracts or Conventional Obligations in General
Preliminary regulations | Of conditions essential to the validity of agreements | Of the effect of obligations | Of the different species of obligations | Of the extinction of obligations | Of the proof of obligations and of that of payment
Title IV. Of Engagements which are formed without Contract
Of quasi-contracts | Of crimes and quasi-crimes
Title V. Of the Contract of Marriage and of the Respective Rights of Married Persons
General regulations | Of the law respecting community | Of regulation of dowr
Of the nature and form of sales | Who may buy or sell | Of things which may be sold | Of the obligations of the seller | Of the obligations of the purchaser | Of the nullity and rescinding of sales | Of auctions | Of the transfer of credits and other incorporeal rights
Title VIII. Of the Contract of Hiring
General regulations | Of the hiring of things | Of the hiring of labor and industry | Of lease in cheptel
Title IX. Of the Contract of Partnership
General ordinances | Of the different species of partnerships | Of the engagements of partners among themselves, and with regard to third persons | Of the different modes by which partnership is put an end to disposition relative to commercial partnerships
Of loan for use, or gratuitously | Of the engagements of the borrower | Of loan for consumption, or simple loan | Of loan on interest
Title XI. Of Deposit and Sequestration
Of deposit in general and of its different species | Of deposit properly so called | Of sequestration
Title XII. Of Albatory Contracts
Of play and betting | Of the contract for life annuities
Of the nature and form of procuration | Of the obligations of the agent | Of the obligations of the principal | Of the different modes in which procuration is terminated
Of the nature and extent of security | Of the effect of security | Of the extinction of security | Of legal and judicial security
Title XV. Of the Compounding of Actions
Title XVI. Of Personal Arrest in a Civil Matter
Of pawning | Of antichresis
Title XVIII. Of Privileges and Mortgages
General enactments | Of privileges | Of mortgages | Of the mode of enrolment of privileges and mortgages | Of cancelling and reducing enrolments | Of the effect of privileges and mortgages against third persons in wrongful possession | Of the extinction of privileges and mortgages | Of the mode of clearing property of privileges and mortgages | Of the mode of exonerating from mortgages, where no enrolment exist, over the property of husbands and guardians | Of the publicity of the registers, and of the responsibility of the keepers
Title XIX. Of Forcible Ejectment, and of the Order among Creditors
Of forcible ejectment | Of the order and distribution of the price among creditors
General ordinances | Of possession | Of the causes which prevent prescription | Of the causes which interrupt, or which suspend the course of prescription | Of the time required in order to prescribe
By Tom Holmberg